The existence of traditional architecture as part of the cultural elements that grow and develop together with the development of a tribe or nation is one of the cultural identity of supporters.
The definition of traditional architecture is shaped building, the structure, multiplicity and decorative way of making the inherited inherited from generation to generation and can be used as the implementation of the activities of life sebagik well.
Architecture traditional areas of North Sulawesi is one of the works of traditional cultural communities, particularly in the digging and maintenance forms of traditional buildings. Discuss the architecture of traditional areas of North Sulawesi we can not be separated from the community supporters.
In North Sulawesi, there are four ethnic groups, namely people of Gorontalo, tribe Bolaang Mangondow, Minahasa tribe, clan Sangir Talaud. Mobility of each tribe is also underlie the growth of traditional architecture in addition to natural conditions and background difference. Because the traditional architecture base on the activities of life in the patch will be found some kind of traditional buildings, among other households, house of worship, a house where consensus building and other architecture. In writing this will only be displayed form the building houses a residence, typology and the establishment.
a. Typology
The pattern of settlement, background and mobility, the people will form the architecture of the building provide the identity of the community supporters. The building where the tribes live in the nation in the South generally shaped house, the house that is founded on the mast as some foundation with a high between one to four meters. Reasons for establishing the house to protect themselves from enemy attack, which came in a sudden, also wild animals and feel safe from interference spirits.
In the community of Gorontalo households square-shaped: the same length and width. This typology, including the square (poliyongowopato) and is usually the core of the house or called "Pongngawaaliyo." This house is inhabited by a family batih totaling between two to three families batih. The additional facilities such as the front porch (hantaleya), right wing and left (palepelo), the back "hulude" and "depula" is building an additional unit to become one with the house's core. Building a house is called "laihe." To the top / roof (watopo) is a form of a rectangular (tutuliyowopato), seen from the triangle-shaped front, side and looks like parallelogram. Materials used as the roof is a sago palm leaves or coconut leaves. Wall (dingingo) made from bamboo, which wattled (tehilo) high between three to three and a half meters. The number of doors and adjusted by the number of rooms and room layout, and core functions of the house. Generally the higher the doors with two meters in width between 75 to 100 cm. To house floor (langngolo) flat surface made of planks or a chopped bamboo. Tiles covering the floor made of tree Nibung, a traditional material to them by their ancestors. The last part to the number of poles required 50 to 80 stem pole. Pole this round and planted in the soil at one and a half meters. In general, use similar wood charcoal, wood (tanu'a).
In the community Bolang Mangondow, which is a traditional building is a form of house that was built to sweep back, high mast between one and a half to two meters. Houses have a traditional household and a door that is located in the middle of the face. In general, the house has a front porch that is known by the term "dengkulon." The shape of the house or to be able to distinguish the name and type of home. The name and type of home is the home BUngus rice, home sinumun totoi, lumalako home and home binou. Walls, windows and doors are usually made of wood and bamboo. Tiles covering the floor has a form and materials of the same wall. Floor layout is a cross between a wood lengthwise from front to back.
In the tribe Sangir Talaud can be found some of the terms used to call a single building houses, including:
1. Bale: shows a permanent home.
2. Sabua: shows that home emergency.
3. Deseng: house shows that the situation can be applied to both.
The use of a third term home could be used to identify the nature and form of house also symbolizes etiquette that apply in the community. In addition, there is also the term "banala" to mention households.
Architecture traditional home base in the construction stage and the home's ground floor learner with a rectangle shape. Parts of the house is built on the structure of the wood frame building system. Construction of the house types are classified into three parts.
First, pillar or stilt floor buffer stake in a line stretching lengthwise and with the number four, even six to 12 poles. There are four pillars that function as a basic framework that connects the body with the roof of the house.
Second, the determination of the main house and part of which must be tied to the wall.
Third, the roof of the house. House walls and windows are generally made from bamboo. Meanwhile, the number of two-door, as the first exit-entry to the house and the house in the kitchen.
Minahasa traditional house was built by the typology house with high ranging between two and a half to three meters square meters long called "those" or "bale". In the middle of the house there is a large room with a size of 5 x 8 square meters, which is used to store the rice harvest.
On the left side of the room is large, there are six to nine room inhabited by a family batih. Pole-pole buffer called home: the key (TOMBULU) or "ari'I (totemboan or Tondano).
As part of the framework-house consists of three parts. The first comprises 16 to 18 poles as a buffer houses. Part-2 is the core framework and building a house wall. Part-3 is the framework of the roof of a house made of ordinary sago palm leaves. While the materials used in parts of wood or bamboo, which in print. Generally, each house has two doors, which is located in the middle of the home front and the back of the house. The shape of the rectangle door: two meters long, one meter wide.
Between the house door / front porch with a yard of land associated with a high level of household with adjusted high building. On the handle is made engravings of stairs sweep up the trellis in the "setup" (emperan) and the front room house. Windows home a total of between four to six with each sized 60 x 90 cm, are on the left side and right side door of the house each room.
b. Rajamangala ornamental
In every building the traditional tribe in North Sulawesi, found various forms of multiplicity decorative form of decorations to make the building, either in the form of sculpture, sculpture, painting or woven. This multiplicity decorative placed in many parts outside the house and inside. As the pole-pole home, over the doors, windows, ceiling, also on the home front porch.
Systematica in the framework of this motley decorative can be categorized into groups based on motifs ornament in the form stilasi elements of plants (flora), animals, objects of nature (the moon, stars and so forth), religious and traditional beliefs. Taking motives decorative base this on purpose in life individuals in the community and is influenced by the views of life, religious beliefs or their respective tribes.
c. Establish home
The process of establishing a building begins with discussions held among families widespread (unggala'a) and people (linula). They discussed the problem of determining where the election materials and the implementation of the building. Consensus, led by "ta'uwa", or who have a lot of experience in the field of established house (tamomayanga).
Separate meetings were held two or three days before the job to collect materials. Tamomayanga full responsibility from planning to finish the building. Skilled practitioners who have chosen experienced and still have blood ties with the extended family is also small communities of citizens (village). The process of implementation of the work is done in mutual assistance (mohuluya).
Place to establish the building (laihe, of those, and dongkulon Bale) selected the land is flat, not sloppy and is located at the roadside. This is closely related to the natural environment and the pattern of settlement of each tribe. While the materials used in the building up of the traditional bamboo, wood Cempaka, teak, linggua wood, iron, wood, sandalwood, sago palm leaves, ijuk, Nibung times and stone used for the foundation of the house. Procurement of materials is led by elders and traditional obtained from natural forests and around their residence.
In establishing the building must be done several ceremonies associated with traditional beliefs, which aims to make the home of the future receive blessings, safety and serenity of life. Ceremonies conducted in three stages, ie, before the founding, development and progress after the building is completed. Ceremony led by the head of the customs followed by the owner of the house and all the villagers. The execution was established in the area of the building, while generally night time.
Source:
Team Coordination Directorate General of Culture Press. 1995. Cultural diversity Khasanah Nusantara VI. Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
